أنواع شاشات العرض
أنواع شاشات العرض
- الشاشة من النوع CRT
- الشاشة من النوع LCD
- الشاشة من النوع TFT
- شاشة البلازما Plasma
أنبوب أشعة الكاثود
شاشات العرض CRT حيث أنها اختصار لـ Cathode Ray Tube وتعني أنبوب أشعة الكاثود. تستخدم في أغلب أجهزة التلفاز، وجدت منذ 60 سنة تقريباً. وخلال هذه المدة الطويلة فإن تقنيات العمل التي تتبعها لم تتغير كثيراً!فكرة عملها الأساسية هي انطلاق الإلكترونات من خلف الشاشة إلى أن تصل إلى سطح العرض المبطن بطبقة من مادة الفسفور، شدة الانطلاق يسبب أشعاعات مختلفة لكترونات المندفعة، شعاع الإلكترون هذا يمر خلال سلسلة من طبقات مغناطيسية متينة والتي بدورها وضعت بطريقة تسمح لها بتوجيه الإشعاع إلى أماكن مختلفة في سطحالعرض، فحينما تصل هذه الإشعاعات إلى زجاج سطح العرض تصطدم بطبقة الفسفور الموجودة عليها مسببة نقطة متوهجة مؤقتاً، كل نقطة تمثل بكسل واحد في شاشة العرض.
إن دقة التحكم بالجهد الكهربائي لكل إلكترون تسمح بتوهج البقعة التي يسببها في السطح توهجاً ساطعاً أو أقل سطوعاً مما يعطي اللونين الأبيض والأسود. قديماً: كان التلفاز الأبيض والأسود يحتوي على مدفع واحد للإلكترونات وطبقة واحدة من الفسفور، بعد ذلك أضيفت عدة مدافع في شاشات العرض من هذا النوع حتى أن طبقات الفسفور أصبحت تلون بنقط متقطعة ومنفصلة!
LCD
هي شاشة عرض مسطحة لا يوجد فيها ظهر مثل CRT وهي مميزة في توفير الكهرباء مفيدة وغير مضرة للنظر وهي تعمل من خلال مصباح مضيئ على وجه المستخدم وعند إزاحة رؤوسنا تصبح الشاشة وكأن لونها اسود.TFT
هي شاشة تسمى TFT وهي لا تختلف عن ال LCD الا بفرق واحد وهي ان الضوء ليس موجهاً وجه لوجه بل على جميع زوايا الشاشة ونلاحظ عند ازاحة رأسنا عنها أكثر من 120 درجة تصبح لون الشاشة مائل إلى السواد.Plasma
البلازماً هي الحالة الرابعة للمادة، فكلنا نعلم أن للمادة ثلاث حالات هي الصلبة Solid State، والسائلة Liquid والغازية Gas أما البلازما فهي الحالة المتأينة Ionized State، وتتميز شاشات البلازما بصغر سمكها لا يزيد عن 10 سم ودرجة وضوح عالية جداً High Resolution مقارنة بالأنواع سالفة الذكر، وتعتبر جامعة أليونيز بالولايات المتحدة هي أول من قام بعمل تلك الشاشة، وتجمع هذه الشاشة تقنية الشاشات CRT والشاشات LCD وتستخدم الأشعة فوق البنفسجية في عملهاUltaviolet>Performance measurements
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The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:
* Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit).
* Viewable image size is measured diagonally. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
* Aspect ratios is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. 4:3 is the standard aspect ratio, for example, so that a screen with a width of 1024 pixels will have a height of 768 pixels. If a widescreen display has an aspect ratio of 16:9, a display that is 1024 pixels wide will have a height of 576 pixels.
* Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. Maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch.
* Dot pitch is the distance between subpixels of the same color in millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the picture will appear.
* Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.
* Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (black) to inactive (white) and back to active (black) again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts.
* Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing.
* Power consumption is measured in watts.
* Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
The performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters:
* Luminance is measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2 also called a Nit).
* Viewable image size is measured diagonally. For CRTs, the viewable size is typically 1 in (25 mm) smaller than the tube itself.
* Aspect ratios is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length. 4:3 is the standard aspect ratio, for example, so that a screen with a width of 1024 pixels will have a height of 768 pixels. If a widescreen display has an aspect ratio of 16:9, a display that is 1024 pixels wide will have a height of 576 pixels.
* Display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. Maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch.
* Dot pitch is the distance between subpixels of the same color in millimeters. In general, the smaller the dot pitch, the sharper the picture will appear.
* Refresh rate is the number of times in a second that a display is illuminated. Maximum refresh rate is limited by response time.
* Response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to go from active (black) to inactive (white) and back to active (black) again, measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts.
* Contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color (white) to that of the darkest color (black) that the monitor is capable of producing.
* Power consumption is measured in watts.
* Viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed, without excessive degradation to the image. It is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically.
>Comparison
=======================
CRT
Pros:- High dynamic range (up to around 15,000:1),[2] excellent color, wide gamut and low black level.
- Can display natively in almost any resolution and refresh rate
- No input lag
- Sub-millisecond response times
- Near zero color, saturation, contrast or brightness distortion. Excellent viewing angle.
- Usually much cheaper than LCD or Plasma screens.
- Allows the use of light guns/pens
- Large size and weight, especially for bigger screens (a 20-inch unit weighs about 50 lb (23 kg))
- High power consumption
- Generates a considerable amount of heat when running
- Geometric distortion caused by variable beam travel distances
- Can suffer screen burn-in
- Produces noticeable flicker at low refresh rates
- Normally only produced in 4:3 aspect ratio
- Hazardous to repair/service
- Effective vertical resolution limited to 1024 scan lines.
- Color displays cannot be made in sizes smaller than 7 inches (5 inches for monochrome). Maximum size is 21 inches (for computer monitors; televisions run up to 40 inches).
LCD
Pros:- Very compact and light
- Low power consumption
- No geometric distortion
- Little or no flicker depending on backlight technology
- Not affected by screen burn-in
- No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service
- More reliable than CRTs
- Can be made in almost any size or shape
- No theoretical resolution limit
- Limited viewing angle, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended viewing angle, by variations in posture.
- Bleeding and uneven backlighting in some monitors, causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges.
- Slow response times, which cause smearing and ghosting artifacts. Modern LCDs have response times of 8 ms or less.
- Only one native resolution. Displaying resolutions either requires a video scaler, lowering perceptual quality, or display at 1:1 pixel mapping, in which images will be physically too large or won't fill the whole screen.
- Fixed bit depth, many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262,000 colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time
- Input lag
- Dead pixels may occur either during manufacturing or through use.
- In a constant on situation, thermalization may occur, which is when only part of the screen has overheated and therefore looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.
- Not all LCD displays are designed to allow easy replacement of the backlight
- Cannot be used with light guns/pens
Plasma
Main article: Plasma display
Pros:- High contrast ratios (10,000:1 or greater,) excellent color, wide gamut and low black level.
- High speed response.
- Near zero color, saturation, contrast or brightness distortion. Excellent viewing angle.
- No geometric distortion.
- Softer and less blocky-looking picture than LCDs
- Highly scalable, with less weight gain per increase in size (from less than 30 in (760 mm) wide to the world's largest at 150 in (3,800 mm)).
- Large pixel pitch, meaning either low resolution or a large screen.
- Color plasma displays cannot be made in sizes under 32 inches
- Noticeable flicker when viewed at close range
- Heavy weight
- Glass screen can induce glare and reflections
- High operating temperature and power consumption
- Only has one native resolution. Displaying other resolutions requires a video scaler, which degrades image quality at lower resolutions.
- Fixed bit depth
- Can suffer image burn-in. This was a severe problem on early plasma displays, but much less on newer ones
- Cannot be used with light guns/pens
- Dead pixels are possible during manufacturing
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